JAWAHAR NAVODAYA VIDYALAYA
( STRUCTURE OF ATOM. )
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Protons:
• Protons are positively charged particles that reside in the nucleus of the atom.
• The number of protons in an atom's nucleus determines the element of an atom, and is known as the atomic number.
• Protons have a mass of approximately 1 atomic mass unit (amu).
• Protons are responsible for the positive charge of the atom.
® Neutrons:
• Neutrons are particles that have no charge and reside in the nucleus of the atom.
• The number of neutrons in an atom's nucleus can vary, and is known as the neutron number.
• Neutrons have a mass of approximately 1 amu.
• Neutrons help to stabilize the nucleus and determine the isotope of an element.
© Electrons:
• Electrons are negatively charged particles that orbit the nucleus of the atom.
• Electrons have a mass of approximately 1/1836 amu.
• Electrons are responsible for the chemical properties of an element.
• Electrons occupy specific energy levels or shells around the nucleus, and are arranged in a specific order.
Δ : Energy Levels:
• Energy levels, also known as electron shells, are the regions around the nucleus where electrons are found.
• Each energy level has a specific energy and capacity for electrons.
• The energy levels are labeled as follows:
• 1s (first energy level)
• 2s (second energy level)
• 2p (second energy level)
• 3s (third energy level)
• 3p (third energy level)
• 3d (third energy level)
• 4s (fourth energy level)
• 4p (fourth energy level)
• 4d (fourth energy level)
• 4f (fourth energy level)
• Each energy level has a specific number of electrons that it can hold.
...Orbital:
• An orbital is a region around the nucleus where an electron is likely to be found.
• Orbitals are described by their shape, size, and orientation in space.
• There are four types of orbitals:
¤ s-orbitals (spherical shape)
¤ p-orbitals (dumbbell shape)
¤ d-orbitals (four-leaf clover shape)
¤ f-orbitals (complex shape)
® Atomic Number:
• The atomic number is the number of protons in an atom's nucleus.
• The atomic number determines the element of an atom.
• The atomic number is unique to each element and is used to identify the element.
© Mass Number:
• The mass number is the total number of protons and neutrons in an atom's nucleus.
• The mass number is used to identify the isotope of an element.
• The mass number is not unique to each element and can vary depending on the isotope.
I hope this helps! Let me know if you have any questions or need further clarification.